GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu is a copper-binding “signal peptide” described as promoting repair programs by delivering bioavailable copper(II) into cells. Copper is highlighted as a cofactor for key enzymes involved in tissue structure and defense—such as lysyl oxidase (collagen cross-linking) and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant protection). The protocol also notes genomic findings in which GHK-Cu is associated with broad shifts in gene expression toward regenerative and anti-aging patterns. Mechanistically, it is described as stimulating fibroblasts to increase pro-repair growth factors including VEGF and bFGF, supporting angiogenesis and improved blood supply to damaged tissue. The page further describes recruitment of immune cells to injury sites, increased synthesis of collagen/elastin/glycosaminoglycans, and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases to balance breakdown and rebuilding. In summary, GHK-Cu acts as a copper-delivery and repair-signaling peptide across skin and tissue-remodeling pathways.